Relationship between the degree of medulla spinalis retraction and motor function in experimental animals

Novi Firman Syah; Nasrullah Mustamir; Muhammad Ihwan Kusuma; Willy Adhimarta; Joko Hendarto

doi:10.15562/ijbs.v16i2.423

Relationship between the degree of medulla spinalis retraction and motor function in experimental animals

Novi Firman Syah ,

Nasrullah Mustamir ,

Muhammad Ihwan Kusuma ,

Willy Adhimarta ,

Joko Hendarto ,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/ijbs.v16i2.423 |
Published: 2022-12-27

Abstract

Introduction: Spinal cord trauma can cause partial or total damage to the brain's and spinal cord's connection. The effects of spinal cord injury will affect motor function even if there is a severe injury, and in a longer duration, it will cause death. Medulla spinalis retraction can cause clinical abnormalities, especially in motor function.

Methods: This study consisted of three groups of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Each group was subjected to 15%, 25% and 37.5% retractions for 1 minute, 3 minutes and 5 minutes, respectively. After that, an assessment was carried out with the footprint test and forced swim test. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test.

Results: This study had 27 samples of male Wistar rats which were divided into 3 groups. In the 15%, 25% and 37.5% retractions treatment with a duration of 3 minutes and 5 minutes, all samples died. Retraction of 15% of the diameter of the medulla spinalis in 1 minute does not cause motor function disorders. Statistically, there is no significant difference in the degree of medulla spinalis retraction and motor function on the footprint test and forced swim test (p = 0.102).

Conclusion: The medulla spinalis retraction of less than 15% with a duration of less than 1 minute will not cause motor function impairment. If more than 15% retraction with more than 1 minute will cause motor function impairment and death, this relationship is not statistically significant.

References

Kokotilo KJ, Eng JJ, Curt A. Reorganization and preservation of motor control of the brain in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26(11):2113–26.
Kirshblum SC, Groah SL, McKinley WO, Gittler MS, Stiens SA. Spinal cord injury medicine. 1. Etiology, classification, and acute medical management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(3 SUPPL. 1):50–7.
Pertiwi GMD, Berawi K. Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Trauma Medula Spinalis. Med Proffession J Lampung. 2017;7(2):48–52.
Tulaar ABM, Karyana M, Wahyuni LK, Paulus AFS, Tinduh D, Anestherita F, et al. People with Spinal Cord Injury in Indonesia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(2):S74–7.
Boland RA, Lin CSY, Engel S, Kiernan MC. Adaptation of motor function after spinal cord injury: Novel insights into spinal shock. Brain. 2011;134(2):495–505.
Biering-Sørensen F, Kirshblum S. International perspectives on spinal cord injury care. Spinal Cord Med Third Ed. 2018;(January):1007–22.
Mattiassich G, Gollwitzer M, Gaderer F, Blocher M, Osti M, Lill M, et al. Functional Outcomes in Individuals Undergoing Very Early (< 5 h) and Early (5-24 h) Surgical Decompression in Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Analysis of Neurological Improvement from the Austrian Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(24):3362–71.
Ter Wengel PV, De Witt Hamer PC, Pauptit JC, Van Der Gaag NA, Oner FC, Vandertop WP. Early Surgical Decompression Improves Neurological Outcome after Complete Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(6):835–44.
Hernández-Jiménez M, Peña-Martínez C, Del Carmen Godino M, Díaz-Guzmán J, Ángeles Moro M, Lizasoain I. Test repositioning for functional assessment of neurological outcome after experimental stroke in mice. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):1–13.
Hernández-Jiménez M, Hurtado O, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Moraga A, Pradillo JM, et al. Silent information regulator 1 protects the brain against cerebral ischemic damage. Stroke. 2013;44(8):2333–7.
Zimmer MB, Nantwi K, Goshgarian HG. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: Basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(4):319–30.
Bogdanova O V, Kanekar S, Renshaw PF. Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test. Physiol Behav. 2017;4858:227–39.
Minakov AN, Chernov AS, Asutin DS, Konovalov NA, Telegin GB. an20758251-10-3-004. 2018;10(38):4–10.

[1] Kokotilo KJ, Eng JJ, Curt A. Reorganization and preservation of motor control of the brain in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26(11):2113–26.

[2] Kirshblum SC, Groah SL, McKinley WO, Gittler MS, Stiens SA. Spinal cord injury medicine. 1. Etiology, classification, and acute medical management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(3 SUPPL. 1):50–7.

[3] Pertiwi GMD, Berawi K. Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Trauma Medula Spinalis. Med Proffession J Lampung. 2017;7(2):48–52.

[4] Tulaar ABM, Karyana M, Wahyuni LK, Paulus AFS, Tinduh D, Anestherita F, et al. People with Spinal Cord Injury in Indonesia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(2):S74–7.

[5] Boland RA, Lin CSY, Engel S, Kiernan MC. Adaptation of motor function after spinal cord injury: Novel insights into spinal shock. Brain. 2011;134(2):495–505.

[6] Biering-Sørensen F, Kirshblum S. International perspectives on spinal cord injury care. Spinal Cord Med Third Ed. 2018;(January):1007–22.

[7] Mattiassich G, Gollwitzer M, Gaderer F, Blocher M, Osti M, Lill M, et al. Functional Outcomes in Individuals Undergoing Very Early (< 5 h) and Early (5-24 h) Surgical Decompression in Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Analysis of Neurological Improvement from the Austrian Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(24):3362–71.

[8] Ter Wengel PV, De Witt Hamer PC, Pauptit JC, Van Der Gaag NA, Oner FC, Vandertop WP. Early Surgical Decompression Improves Neurological Outcome after Complete Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(6):835–44.

[9] Hernández-Jiménez M, Peña-Martínez C, Del Carmen Godino M, Díaz-Guzmán J, Ángeles Moro M, Lizasoain I. Test repositioning for functional assessment of neurological outcome after experimental stroke in mice. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):1–13.

[10] Hernández-Jiménez M, Hurtado O, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Moraga A, Pradillo JM, et al. Silent information regulator 1 protects the brain against cerebral ischemic damage. Stroke. 2013;44(8):2333–7.

[11] Zimmer MB, Nantwi K, Goshgarian HG. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: Basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(4):319–30.

[12] Bogdanova O V, Kanekar S, Renshaw PF. Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test. Physiol Behav. 2017;4858:227–39.

[13] Minakov AN, Chernov AS, Asutin DS, Konovalov NA, Telegin GB. an20758251-10-3-004. 2018;10(38):4–10.

Relationship between the degree of medulla spinalis retraction and motor function in experimental animals

Abstract

References

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