Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Cardiorenal Syndrome: revisiting its pathophysiology and classification

  • I Made Fermi Wikananda ,
  • I Gde Raka Widiana ,
  • Dwijo Anargha Sindhughosa ,

Abstract

Heart failure remain as major health problem worldwide, causing severe morbidity and high mortality. Strong relationship between cardiac disorders and kidney disorders that affect the patient's prognosis. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a group of symptoms due to acute or chronic damage to one of the organs, including the heart or kidneys, which will affect the function of other organs. The heart and kidney each play a role as a regulator of the body's hemodynamic balance. The kidneys produce urine based on that produced by glomerular filtration which depends on the level of renal perfusion and arteriolar blood pressure. CRS classified into five. The classification is based on the primary and secondary damage from CRS occurs in the heart, kidney or outside the heart and/or kidney. Understanding the pathophysiology of CRS benefit to comprehensively manage patients with such condition.

Section

References

  1. Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, et al. (March 2010). "Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative". European Heart Journal. 31 (6): 703–711. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507. PMC 2838681. PMID 20037146.
  2. Viswanathan G, Gilbert S (October 2010). "The cardiorenal syndrome: making the connection". International Journal of Nephrology. 2011: 283137. doi:10.4061/2011/283137. PMC 2989717. PMID 21151533
  3. H. L. Hillege, D. Nitsch, M. A. Pfeffer et al., “Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure,” Circulation, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 671–678, 2006.
  4. J. T. Heywood, G. C. Fonarow, M. R. Costanzo, V. S. Mathur, J. R. Wigneswaran, and J. Wynne, “High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database,” Journal of Cardiac Failure, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 422–430, 2007
  5. McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tonelli M, Armstrong PW (March 2004). "Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study". Circulation. 109 (8): 1004–1009. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000116764.53225.a9. PMID 14769700
  6. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N, Bellomo R. Cardiorenal syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008;52(19):1527–39.
  7. Damman K, Testani JM (June 2015). "The kidney in heart failure: an update". European Heart Journal. 36 (23): 1437–1444. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv010. PMC 4465636. PMID 25838436
  8. Braam B, Joles JA, Danishwar AH, Gaillard CA (January 2014). "Cardiorenal syndrome--current understanding and future perspectives". Nature Reviews. Nephrology. 10 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.250. PMID 24247284. S2CID 7556399.
  9. W. Schrier and W. T. Abraham, “Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure,” New Engl J Med, vol.341, no. 8, pp. 577–585, 1999.
  10. Pokhrel N, Maharjan N, Dhakal B, Arora RR (2008). "Cardiorenal syndrome: A literature review". Experimental and Clinical Cardiology. 13 (4): 165–170. PMC 2663478. PMID 19343160
  11. Thind GS, Loehrke M, Wilt JL. Acute cardiorenal syndrome: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018 Mar;85(3):231-239.
  12. Jose P, Skali H, Anavekar N, et al. Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2886–91.
  13. Shah BN, Greaves K (December 2010). "The cardiorenal syndrome: a review". International Journal of Nephrology. 2011: 920195. doi:10.4061/2011/920195. PMC 3021842. PMID 21253529
  14. Kim CS. Pharmacologic management of the Cardio-renal syndrome. Electrolytes & Blood Pressure. 2013;11(1):17. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2013.11.1.17
  15. De Vecchis R, Baldi C. Cardiorenal syndrome type 2: From diagnosis to optimal management. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2014;:949. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2013.11.1.17. PMCID: PMC 3741438. PMID: 23946761
  16. Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, Costa S, Lentine KL, et al. Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(16). doi: 10.1161/CIR.0664
  17. Alazzuoli A, Silverberg DS, Iovine F, et al. Effects of betaerythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome. Am Heart J 2007;154:645.e9–15
  18. Bagshaw SM, Hoste EA, Braam B, Briguori C, Kellum JA, McCullough PA. Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3: Pathophysiologic and epidemiologic considerations. ADQI Consensus on AKI Biomarkers and Cardiorenal Syndromes. 2013;:137–57. DOI: 10.1159/00034997
  19. Selby NM, McIntyre CW. The acute cardiac effects of dialysis. Semin Dial 2007;20:220–8
  20. Granata A, Clementi A, Virzì GM, Brocca A, de Cal M, Scarfia VR, et al. Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4: From chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular impairment. European J Intern Med. 2016;30:1–6.
  21. Clementi A, Virzì GM, Brocca A, de Cal M, Vescovo G, Granata A, et al. Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4: Management. Blood Purification. 2013;36(3-4):200–9.
  22. Han SW, Won YW, Yi JH, Kim HJ. No impact of hyperkalaemia with renin-angiotensin system blockades in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:1150–5.
  23. Di Lullo L, Bellasi A, Barbera V, Russo D, Russo L, Di Iorio B, et al. Pathophysiology of the cardio-renal syndromes types 1–5: An uptodate. Indian Heart Journal. 2017;69(2):255–65.
  24. Berl T, Henrich W. Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:8–18.

How to Cite

Wikananda, I. M. F., Widiana, I. G. R. ., & Sindhughosa, D. A. . (2023). Cardiorenal Syndrome: revisiting its pathophysiology and classification. Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science, 17(1), 47–50. https://doi.org/10.15562/ijbs.v17i1.441

HTML
43

Total
45

Share

Search Panel

I Made Fermi Wikananda
Google Scholar
Pubmed
IJBS Journal


I Gde Raka Widiana
Google Scholar
Pubmed
IJBS Journal


Dwijo Anargha Sindhughosa
Google Scholar
Pubmed
IJBS Journal