Immune regulation in obesity: a narrative review

Ida Bagus Amertha Putra Manuaba; Dwijo Anargha Sindhughosa

doi:10.15562/ijbs.v17i1.459

Immune regulation in obesity: a narrative review

Ida Bagus Amertha Putra Manuaba ,

Dwijo Anargha Sindhughosa ,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/ijbs.v17i1.459 |
Published: 2023-04-18

Abstract

Obesity is a condition triggered by many risk factors, but the main one is due to high calorie intake and low physical activity. Various studies have explored the relationship between obesity and metabolic complications, namely chronic degenerative disorders. In the condition of obesity, there are biochemical changes including chronic inflammation. This condition mainly occurs due to the load on the metabolic tissue due to weight gain and fat tissue dysfunction. These changes result in changes in the distribution of leukocytes, lymphocyte activity, and in general the immune defense system. The changes that occur include the occurrence of a chronic inflammatory process. Among the various inflammatory mediators, there are three mediators that play an important role in the regulation of the immune system due to obesity, namely TNF-α, IL-6, and adiponectin. In addition, the accumulation of free fatty acids in obesity can activate a cascade of a series of pro-inflammatory kinases, such as IkB kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which triggers fatty tissue to release IL-6. Other effects include activation of the inflammasome, and hyperleptinemia. Leptin is then associated with cell survival, cytokine release, and chemotaxis. In addition, leptin can also be related to the proliferation of T cells.

References

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Rodríguez-Hernández H, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Ramírez G, Reyes-Romero MA. Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:678159.
Exley MA, Hand L, O'Shea D, Lynch L. Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(2):R41-R48.
Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(4):851-863.
Karastergiou K, Mohamed-Ali V. The autocrine and paracrine roles of adipokines. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;318:69-78.
Straub RH, Hense HW, Andus T, Schölmerich J, Riegger GA, Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(3):1340-1344.
Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007 Apr;56(4):1010-1013.
Illán-Gómez F, Gonzálvez-Ortega M, Orea-Soler I, Alcaraz-Tafalla MS, Aragón-Alonso A, Pascual-Díaz M, et al. Obesity and inflammation: change in adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2012;22(6):950-955.
Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Lowe GD. Inter-relationships of interleukin-6, cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome among older men. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(8):1637-1643.
Wärnberg J, Moreno LA, Mesana MI, Marcos A; AVENA group. Inflammatory mediators in overweight and obese Spanish adolescents. The AVENA Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28 Suppl 3:S59-63.
Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:66-75.
Unger RH, Scherer PE. Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome: a roadmap to lipotoxicity. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;21:345–352.
Stienstra R, Tack CJ, Kanneganti TD, Joosten LA, Netea MG. The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone. Cell Metab. 2012;15(1):10-8.
Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome: a remote control for metabolic syndrome. Cell Research.2012;22:1095-1098.
R&D Systems. Obesity-Induced Activation of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Promotes Insulin Resistance. R&D Systems: A biotechne brand [serial online] 2020 [diakses 22 Desember 2021. Diunduh dari: URL: https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/articles/obesity-induced-activation-nlrp3-inflammasome-promotes-insulin-resistance
Kern L, Mittenbühler MJ, Vesting AJ, Ostermann AL, Wunderlich CM, Wunderlich FT. Obesity-induced TNFα and IL-6 signaling: the missing link between obesity and inflammation-driven liver and colorectal cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2018;11(1):24.
Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, et al. Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin. Front Physiol. 2018;9:640.
Schultz O, Oberhauser F, Saech J, Rubbert-Roth A, Hahn M, Krone W, et al. Effects of inhibition of interleukin-6 signalling on insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein (a) levels in human subjects with rheumatoid diseases. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e14328.
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Cañadas-Lozano D, Marín-Aguilar F, Castejón-Vega B, Ryffel B, Navarro-Pando JM, Ruiz-Cabello J, et al. Blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome improves metabolic health and lifespan in obese mice. Geroscience. 2020;42(2):715-725.

[1] Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Epidemiology of obesity in the Western Hemisphere.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:S1-S8.

[2] Rodríguez-Hernández H, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Ramírez G, Reyes-Romero MA. Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:678159.

[3] Exley MA, Hand L, O'Shea D, Lynch L. Interplay between the immune system and adipose tissue in obesity. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(2):R41-R48.

[4] Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(4):851-863.

[5] Karastergiou K, Mohamed-Ali V. The autocrine and paracrine roles of adipokines. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;318:69-78.

[6] Straub RH, Hense HW, Andus T, Schölmerich J, Riegger GA, Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(3):1340-1344.

[7] Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007 Apr;56(4):1010-1013.

[8] Illán-Gómez F, Gonzálvez-Ortega M, Orea-Soler I, Alcaraz-Tafalla MS, Aragón-Alonso A, Pascual-Díaz M, et al. Obesity and inflammation: change in adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2012;22(6):950-955.

[9] Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Lowe GD. Inter-relationships of interleukin-6, cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome among older men. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(8):1637-1643.

[10] Wärnberg J, Moreno LA, Mesana MI, Marcos A; AVENA group. Inflammatory mediators in overweight and obese Spanish adolescents. The AVENA Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28 Suppl 3:S59-63.

[11] Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:66-75.

[12] Unger RH, Scherer PE. Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome: a roadmap to lipotoxicity. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;21:345–352.

[13] Stienstra R, Tack CJ, Kanneganti TD, Joosten LA, Netea MG. The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone. Cell Metab. 2012;15(1):10-8.

[14] Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome: a remote control for metabolic syndrome. Cell Research.2012;22:1095-1098.

[15] R&D Systems. Obesity-Induced Activation of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Promotes Insulin Resistance. R&D Systems: A biotechne brand [serial online] 2020 [diakses 22 Desember 2021. Diunduh dari: URL: https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/articles/obesity-induced-activation-nlrp3-inflammasome-promotes-insulin-resistance

[16] Kern L, Mittenbühler MJ, Vesting AJ, Ostermann AL, Wunderlich CM, Wunderlich FT. Obesity-induced TNFα and IL-6 signaling: the missing link between obesity and inflammation-driven liver and colorectal cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2018;11(1):24.

[17] Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, et al. Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin. Front Physiol. 2018;9:640.

[18] Schultz O, Oberhauser F, Saech J, Rubbert-Roth A, Hahn M, Krone W, et al. Effects of inhibition of interleukin-6 signalling on insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein (a) levels in human subjects with rheumatoid diseases. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e14328.

[19] Patsalos O, Dalton B, Leppanen J, Ibrahim MAA, Himmerich H. Impact of TNF-α Inhibitors on Body Weight and BMI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:481.

[20] Cañadas-Lozano D, Marín-Aguilar F, Castejón-Vega B, Ryffel B, Navarro-Pando JM, Ruiz-Cabello J, et al. Blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome improves metabolic health and lifespan in obese mice. Geroscience. 2020;42(2):715-725.

Immune regulation in obesity: a narrative review

Abstract

References

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