Preterm condition gives a new stressful environment to infants. This condition needs a good and gradual adaptation. External environmental conditions, treatment, care and good nutrition are needed. Massage stimulation in preterm infants is a method that can prepare preterm infants’ adaptation through the critical post-birth period. A good adaptation of the system will provide better organ homeostasis including the immune system.

There are three paths of mechanisms that can explain how massage stimulation can regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. The first: the hypothalamus pathway, massage stimulation act as a comfort stimulation that can control (inhibit) the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α  and IL-6 by macrophages; second: through activation of vagus nerve, massage stimulation act as a tactile stimulation which activates vagal system and the immune system; third: the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway, massage stimulation act as a kinesthetic stimulation that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary to release cortisol, GH (Growth hormone) and IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1). A randomized controlled trial about massage stimulation on preterm infants was performed in Sanglah Hospital Denpasar on 2011. The study revealed a different level of cytokine pro-inflammation TNF-α (p=0.025) and IL-6 (p=0,001) comparing before and after condition massage stimulation. Outcome of body weight were also different at before and after massage stimulation, with p value 0.042.

Mechanisms of massage stimulation affect the immune system of preterm infants through regulation of inhibition the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-6 by macrophages, through three main pathways: the hypothalamic; activation of the vagus nerve and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Preterm condition gives a new stressful environment to infants. This condition needs a good and gradual adaptation. External environmental conditions, treatment, care and good nutrition are needed. Massage stimulation in preterm infants is a method that can prepare preterm infants’ adaptation through the critical post-birth period. A good adaptation of the system will provide better organ homeostasis including the immune system.

There are three paths of mechanisms that can explain how massage stimulation can regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. The first: the hypothalamus pathway, massage stimulation act as a comfort stimulation that can control (inhibit) the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α  and IL-6 by macrophages; second: through activation of vagus nerve, massage stimulation act as a tactile stimulation which activates vagal system and the immune system; third: the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway, massage stimulation act as a kinesthetic stimulation that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary to release cortisol, GH (Growth hormone) and IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1). A randomized controlled trial about massage stimulation on preterm infants was performed in Sanglah Hospital Denpasar on 2011. The study revealed a different level of cytokine pro-inflammation TNF-α (p=0.025) and IL-6 (p=0,001) comparing before and after condition massage stimulation. Outcome of body weight were also different at before and after massage stimulation, with p value 0.042.

Mechanisms of massage stimulation affect the immune system of preterm infants through regulation of inhibition the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-6 by macrophages, through three main pathways: the hypothalamic; activation of the vagus nerve and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

The gene of rpoB is the primary gene that is well known as a surrogate marker in MDR-TB (Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis) detection. The mutation of rpoB was studied around the world in its core region called RRDR (Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region). To learn the mutation in this fragment, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the most common method used. This study was purposed to optimize the annealing temperature in amplifying the 507 bp fragment of rpob gene containing RRDR of isolate 86.

DNA of MDR-TB isolate 86 was isolated by using Boom method for further amplified by PCR. The oligonucleotide primers used in this study were FrTB and RrTB. Eight different annealing temperature were used to optimize the amplification of rpoB gene : 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, and 63^oC. Detection of PCR products was done with 1,5% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Cervical cancer  has a second place cancer disease that attacks women after breast cancer. Chemotherapy is treatment for cervical cancer. Symptoms of cervical cancer and chemotherapy can cause to decrease quality of life terms sexual life patient. We reported a case, a woman diagnosed cervical cancer stage III B complained the symptoms of cervical cancer such bleeding, pain, and leucorrhea caused to distrube her sexual life with her partner. In addition,  the side effects of chemotherapy such as fatigue also caused to decreased sexual life in these patient.